Ray Kroc - Wikipedia. Raymond Albert "Ray" Kroc (October 5, 1. January 1. 4, 1. 98. American businessman.[4][5] He joined then Californian chain Mc. Donald's in 1. 95. Controversially, Kroc would present himself as the founder of Mc. Depuis un certain temps je tente de jouer en réseau avec des amis à age of empire 2.Mais j'ai un problème:quand je lance le jeu et clique sur multijoueur,puis sur.
Donald's during his later life.[6] Kroc was included in Time 1. The Most Important People of the Century, and amassed a fortune during his lifetime. He owned the San Diego Padres baseball team from 1. Early life[edit]Kroc was born on October 5, 1. Oak Park, Illinois, near Chicago, to parents of Czech origin, Rose Mary (Hrach) and Alois "Louis" Kroc.[7] His father was from the village of Břasy near Plzeň, Bohemia (now the Czech Republic). The elder Kroc had made a fortune speculating on land during the 1. He grew up and spent most of his life in Oak Park. Tabtight professional, free when you need it, VPN service.During World War I, he lied about his age and became a Red Crossambulance driver at 1.During the Depression, Kroc worked a variety of jobs selling paper cups, as a real estate agent in Florida, and sometimes playing piano in bands.[9]Purchasing Mc. Donald's[edit]After World War II, Kroc found employment as a milk shake mixer salesman for the foodservice equipment manufacturer Prince Castle.[1.When Prince Castle Multi- Mixer sales plummeted because of competition from lower- priced Hamilton Beach products, Kroc was impressed by Richard and Maurice Mc.Donald who had purchased eight of his Multi- Mixers for their San Bernardino, California store, and visited them in 1.Kroc became convinced that the concept and design of this small chain had the potential to expand across the nation.[citation needed]Having been in approximately one thousand kitchens, Kroc believed the Mc. Donald brothers had the best- run operation he had ever seen. The restaurant was clean, modern, mechanized, and the staff professional and well- groomed. Roadside hamburger restaurants were more often than not hangouts for motorcycle gangs and rebellious teenagers, and Kroc saw in Mc. Donald's a better vision for a restaurant. He once said "In my experience, hamburger joints are nothing but jukeboxes, pay phones, smoking rooms, and guys in leather jackets. I wouldn't take my wife to such a place and you wouldn't take your wife either." Kroc also believed the hamburger was more aesthetic than the hot dog and lent itself better to the mechanized fast food industry he envisioned.[citation needed]Kroc opened the first Mc. Donald's franchised under his partnership with the Mc. Donald brothers in Des Plaines, Illinois. The Mc. Donald brothers had not informed Kroc they already sold the rights to their name in Cook County, Illinois to Frejlack Ice Cream Company. Kroc had to pay $2. Kroc remained active in Des Plaines until the end of his life, frequently phoning the manager of the store across the street to remind him to clean his restaurant properly. The Des Plaines location boomed, bringing in hundreds of dollars on its opening day. Kroc franchised out scores of restaurants to franchisees.[citation needed]Kroc has been credited with making a number of innovative changes in the food- service franchise model. Chief among them was the sale of only single- store franchises instead of selling larger, territorial franchises which was common in the industry at the time. Kroc recognized that the sale of exclusive licenses for large markets was the quickest way for a franchisor to make money, but he also saw in the practice a loss in the franchisor's ability to exert control over the course and direction of a chain’s development. Above all else, Kroc wanted uniformity in service and quality among all of the Mc. Donald’s locations. Without the ability to influence franchisees, Kroc knew that it would be difficult to achieve that goal. By granting a franchisee the right to only one store location at a time, Kroc retained for the franchise some measure of control over the franchisee (or at least those desiring to someday own the rights to another store).[1. Kroc's policies for Mc. Donald's included establishing locations only in suburban areas, not in downtowns since the seedy underbelly of urban areas might eat in them after the main business hours were over. Restaurants were to be kept properly sanitized at all times, and the staff must be clean, properly groomed and polite to children. The food was to be of a strictly fixed, standardized content and restaurants were not allowed to deviate from specifications in any way. There was to be no waste of anything, Kroc insisted, every condiment container was to be scraped completely clean. No cigarette machines or pinball games were allowed in any Mc. Donald's. Kroc also opposed hiring women as employees because he believed they were unreliable workers and liable to flirt with male customers as they did in carhop restaurants.[citation needed]Kroc had difficulty enforcing his strict policies in the beginning as several California franchisees began offering things that were not supposed to be on the menu, altering prices, the recipes, or committing various other offenses. For a time, Kroc held off on licensing more Mc. Donald's in California, preferring to concentrate on the Midwest, where he believed people were more conservative and less likely to challenge authority.[citation needed]Kroc had a contemptuous opinion of MBAs and people who attended business school or obtained college degrees in management, believing they lacked competitive drive or market savvy. For a time, Mc. Donald's had a policy of not hiring MBAs. He also forbade Mc. Donald's executives to have secretaries and required them to answer their own phones. They were expected to follow dress and grooming rules similar to those of rank- and- file employees in the restaurants, which included no beards or facial hair, and they received regular company pamphlets extolling thriftiness and financial responsibility both at the company and in their personal lives.[citation needed]During the 1. Mc. Donald's' model, including Burger King, Arbys, KFC, and Hardee's. Kroc spoke of the competition with contempt, saying that they did not offer the same quality of food, service, affordable prices, or sanitation as Mc. Donald's. He resisted joining any fast food trade organizations for fear of giving away his business secrets.[citation needed]Kroc became frustrated with the Mc. Donald brothers' desire to maintain a small number of restaurants. The brothers also consistently told Kroc he could not make changes to things such as the original blueprint (building codes were different in Illinois than in California), but despite Kroc's pleas, the brothers never sent any formal letters which legally allowed the changes in the chain. In 1. 96. 1, he bought the company for $2. Obtaining the funds for the buyout was difficult due to existing debt from expansion. However, Harry Sonneborn, whom Kroc referred to as his "financial wizard", was able to raise the required funds.[citation needed]At the closing table, Kroc became annoyed that the brothers would not transfer to him the real estate and rights to the original San Bernardino location. The brothers had told Kroc they were giving the operation, property and all, to the founding employees. In his anger, Kroc later opened a new Mc. Donald's restaurant near the original Mc. Donald's, which had been renamed "The Big M" because the brothers had neglected to retain rights to the name. The Big M" closed six years later.[1. It is alleged that as part of the buyout Kroc promised, based on a handshake agreement, to continue the annual 0. Mc. Donald brothers. Neither of the brothers publicly expressed disappointment over the deal. Speaking to a reporter about the buyout, Richard Mc. Donald said "I have no regrets".[citation needed]After finalizing the agreement with the Mc. Donald brothers, Kroc sent a letter to Walt Disney. They had met as ambulance attendant trainees at Sound Beach, Connecticut during World War I. Kroc wrote, "I have very recently taken over the national franchise of the Mc. Donald's system. I would like to inquire if there may be an opportunity for a Mc. Donald's in your Disney Development". According to one account, Disney agreed under stipulation to increase fries from ten cents to fifteen cents, allowing himself the profit. Kroc refused to gouge his loyal customers, leaving Disneyland to open without a Mc. Donald's restaurant. Journalist Eric Schlosser, writing in his book Fast Food Nation, believes that this is a doctored retelling of the transaction by some Mc. Donald's marketing executives. Tripoli - Wikitravel. Tripoli. For other places with the same name, see Tripoli (disambiguation). Tripoli (Arabic: طرابلس Ṭarābulus) is the capital, largest city, principal harbour and biggest commercial and manufacturing centre of the North African country of Libya. Tripoli is located in the north- west of Libya and is situated on the Mediterranean Sea. The city has a population of some 1. Understand[edit]History[edit]Tripoli was founded in the 7th century BC by the Phoenicians, who named their settlement Oea—due to the city's long history, there are multiple sites of archaeological significance in the city and in its surroundings, not least from the period under the Roman Empire. Climate[edit]Tripoli's prevailing climate is typical Mediterranean, with hot dry summers, cool winters, and some modest rainfall. Visas will be needed, and those can be attained via embassies or consulates. Roughly US$5. 0- 1. Business visitors or others with the right 'connections' may be able to arrange a visa on arrival. The cost is 1. 00 Dinar, but the process can be slow. This must be paid in Libyan Dinar. If you do not have Dinar, you will have to go to the area after baggage reclaim to exchange some money (minus your passport). The security staff will allow you back in, but make sure they see you leave to be sure. Leaving Libya requires the right stamps in your passport. Your hotel is required to present your passport to the authorities where your visa will be stamped. Make sure you confirm this with the hotel prior to checking out or else you are liable for a fine or worse when clearing immigration. Make use of the business class lounge at Tripoli Airport (LYD 3. By plane[edit]Tripoli International Airport, (IATA: TIP, ICAO: HLLT) (Arabic: مطار طرابلس العالمي), is the nation's largest airport and is located in the town of Ben Ghashir 3. Tripoli city centre. Prior to closure during the Libyan civil war of 2. Libyan Airlines, Afriqiyah Airways and Buraq Air. It was previously operated by the Civil Aviation and Meteorology Bureau of Libya, it is currently operating under an ad- hoc management. Prior to the outbreak of armed conflict and closure of the airport in mid 2. Libyan capital such as British Airways, Lufthansa, KLM, Emirates and Alitalia. Scheduled civil airline services were suspended when NATO enforced a No Fly Zone (NFZ) over Libyan airspace in 2. Prior to this international and domestic flights were departing the airport from the main International passenger terminal. The terminal capacity was previously 3 million passengers a year. Two new terminals are to be built within the next few years bringing the total capacity of the airport to 2. The first new terminal was due to open by March 2. The radar system was seriously damaged in a NATO air strike in late August 2. Fighting at the airport destroyed several commercial airliners and the airport infrastructure was damaged. The airport currently features one main terminal building, which acts as both the international and national terminal for the airport. The existing dual use terminal is a five- floor building with an area of 3. Check- in facilities are situated in the ground floor. Departure and duty- free shops are located on the first floor. A lounge and prayer room where previously also available in the terminal, as well as a restaurant located on the fourth floor. The Tripoli International Airport airport was officially re- opened for civil aircraft operations on 1. October 2. 01. 1. Several airlines are now providing flights from the Tripoli International Airport to international destinations. Libyan Airlines and Afriqiyah Airways are providing flights to Benghazi. Afriqiyah Airways. Benghazi Domestic. Malta International. Rome- Fiumicino International. Austrian Airlines. Vienna. International. BMI/British Airways. London- Heathrow International. Cairo International. Dubai. International. Etihad Airways. Abu Dhabi International. Belgrade. International. Amsterdam. International. Libyan Airlines. Amman, Cairo, Malta, Sabha, Tunis [all ops uncertain]International. Libyan Airlines. Benghazi [all ops uncertain] Domestic. Frankfurt International. Doha. International. Royal Air Maroc. Casablanca International. Royal Jordanian. Amman- Queen Alia International. Tunis International. Turkish Airlines. Istanbul- Atatürk (2- 3 times per day) International. Mitiga International Airport. IATA: MJI, ICAO: HLLM) is located about 8 km (5 mi) east of Tripoli's city centre. It is a public airport and was established in 1.Scheduled civil airline services were operated to to Benghazi and Misrata and international service to Istanbul, Turkey- (Aleppo) and Syriabut but these were suspended when NATO enforced a No Fly Zone (NFZ) over Libyan airspace in 2. The airport housed the headquarters of Buraq Air at the time of suspension of civil operations at the airport.Mitiga International Airport Prior was used by United States Air Force (USAF) prior to June 1.Wheelus Air Base.Subsequently, the facility was known as Okba Ben Nafi Air Base, a Libyan People's Air Force (LPAF) installation. It sustained damage from NATO airstrikes and fighting between ground forces during the civil war in 2. August 2. 01. 1 by forces opposed to the government of Libya. Turkish Airlines initially resumed limited services from Mitiga International Airport to Istanbul- (Ataturk)]] in late 2. Tripoli International airport, they are opening a cargo facility at Mitiga on 8 January 2. By train[edit]There is no train network operating in Libya yet, although Libya is planning to introduce such a service between the east and west of the country. This is currently in the planning stages and a Chinese contractor has already been brought on board. Tourists travelling to Tripoli used to make their way there by road from Tunisia which is nearer than the other border from Egypt, the journey takes approx three hours drive from the border with Tunisia. This journey should only be completed in daylight hours as its very dangerous at night, many sheep, camels, cows, and of course shepherds roam the roads in evening and are hard to spot. There have been reported incidents of bandits operating on this route and it is therefor advisable to make others aware of travel plans. By boat[edit]From Malta. Before sanctions were lifted in 1. Tripoli. The only alternative was flying to Tunisia and driving to Tripoli. A new ferries line that link Sfax in Tunisia to Tripoli 3 times a week is operated by [GTT Feries] , the one way trip cost about 3. Get around[edit]The best way to see Tripoli is to walk, there are plenty of great guides out there (books) to help you out and also you may come across some half- useful Libyan versions. The people are friendly and very inquisitive. But be aware if you're a westerner, or stick out like a sore thumb compared to a local. Don't walk around at night alone. Taxis are also useful but can be pricey for westerners. The Assaraya al- Hamra, (the Red Castle), a vast palace complex with numerous courtyards, dominates the city skyline and is located on the outskirts of the medina. There are some classical statues and fountains from the Ottoman period scattered around the castle. The Gurgi and Karamanli mosques, with their intricate decorations and tilework, are examples of the artistic skills of local craftsmen. Just outside the Gurgi mosque is the Arch of Marcus Aurelius, the only surviving Roman monument in the city. More and more palaces (especially from the Karamanli period) are also being restored and opened to the public. The basic street plan of the medina was laid down in the Roman period when the walls were constructed as protection against attacks from the interior of Tripolitania, and are considered well planned, possibly better than modern street plans. In the 8th century a wall on the sea- facing side of the city was added. Three gates provided access to the old town: Bab Zanata in the west, Bab Hawara in the southeast and Bab Al- Bahr in the north wall. The city walls are still standing and can be climbed for good views of the city. The Bazaar is also known for its traditional ware; fine jewellery and clothes can be found in the local markets. The Jamahiriya Museum, a fine modern facility located in the Red Castle, is Libya's national museum. It houses many artefacts from the country's Roman and Greek periods, including treasures from the World Heritage sites at Leptis Magna and Sabratha, as well as politically motivated displays such as the Volkswagen Beetle car driven by Gadaffi in the 1.
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